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Chola Warlords: Who Were the Paluvettaraiyars?

Ponniyin Selvan I movie poster showing actor Sarathkumar as Periya Paluvettaraiyar and actor Parthiban as Chinna Paluvettaraiyar. In 2024, Oxford University Press published  Minor Majesties: The Paluvēṭṭaraiyars and Their South Indian Kingdom of Paluvūr, 9th–11th Centuries A.D ., a groundbreaking study by historian Valerie Gillet. In the book’s opening chapter, A Tentative Biography of the Paluvettaraiyars , Gillet delves into the lineage and origins of this influential fami ly.  These Chola warlords traced their lineage to the formidable Maravars, an ancient warrior tribe renowned for their valor. However, I believe that while the Paluvettaraiyars were indeed of Maravar descent, they likely forged alliances through intermarriage with those of the Kallar and Agambadiyar clans, further solidifying their power and influence. Prominent figures in the medieval Chola era, the Paluvettaraiyars played a pivotal role in shaping the empire’s political and military landscape. Through st...
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The Deepavali Dilemma: To Padayal or Not to Padayal?

For illustration purpose only. Credit: Ravindran John Smith.

Deepavali, a significant Hindu festival, is swiftly approaching, with preparations underway. As the festivities draw near, I extend my warm wishes to all my readers for a joyous Deepavali celebration with their loved ones.

In the Malaysian Hindu community, predominantly consisting of Tamils, a time-honored custom referred to as "paṭaiyal" (also spelled as padayal) is observed on the eve of Deepavali. This traditional ceremony involves presenting food as a gesture of reverence and remembrance for departed ancestors. It is possible that this ritual's origins trace back to early societies visiting the graves of deceased family members.

Nevertheless, given that the majority of Hindus opt for cremation rather than burial for their departed loved ones, the practice may have initially revolved around the veneration of the "kulateyvam" (family deity) and the "kāvalteyvam" (guardian deity), rather than being solely focused on the deceased.

Over the course of time, there has been a gradual shift towards placing greater importance on honoring those who have passed away. This transformation could be attributed to changes in religious customs or an evolving cultural perspective. Additionally, this transition might be influenced by the availability of photographs of family members, a practice that gained prominence in the 19th century. Nonetheless, offering paṭaiyal to ancestors has firmly established itself as a widely accepted tradition in Malaysia.

The debate over whether paṭaiyal offerings should be vegetarian or non-vegetarian is a complex and sensitive one. Individuals' preferences and choices vary widely, and their selections may be influenced by the culinary preferences of the departed. Furthermore, interpretations of religious scriptures can differ, leading to varying opinions on this matter.

The central question to consider here is whether one should engage in the practice of paṭaiyal at all. This question has been a topic of discussion within my close circles, with varying perspectives. The decision to participate in paṭaiyal ultimately comes down to one's personal beliefs.

If you hold the belief that the souls of the deceased remain in an afterlife and visit during paṭaiyal ritual, then it is entirely appropriate to continue with this practice. However, for those who subscribe to the concept of reincarnation, the purpose of this practice may be questioned. 

According to the belief in reincarnation, the soul moves on to a new life after death, rendering it incapable of returning to accept these offerings. Given my own belief in reincarnation, I have chosen to forgo the tradition of paṭaiyal for the deceased in my house.

This distinction in beliefs may be why some individuals prefer to reserve paṭaiyal offerings for the kulateyvam and kāvalteyvam rather than for the deceased. It is essential to acknowledge that these beliefs are deeply rooted in faith, and neither can be substantiated with empirical evidence.

In conclusion, if you find yourself contemplating whether to engage in the practice of paṭaiyal, I encourage you to reflect on your own beliefs and values. If you hold the belief that the souls of the departed are still present and seeking connection, then carrying out paṭaiyal may be a meaningful way to express your reverence. However, if you adhere to the concept of reincarnation, it may align more with your beliefs to forgo this practice.

Regardless of your choice regarding paṭaiyal, I encourage you to embrace the spirit of togetherness and shared meals with your family members on Deepavali eve. The festival offers a splendid opportunity to come together and enjoy a feast in the company of your loved ones, celebrating the bonds that unite us.

NOTE: Tamil words such as படையல் ,குலதெய்வம்  and காவல்தெய்வம் are written in the ISO15919 Romanised form; paṭaiyal, kulateyvam and kāvalteyvam.

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